Michael N. Chang, Ph.D. Chief Scientific Advisor
Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry
Post-doctoral Fellowship at MIT
Over 20 years of pharmaceutical business experience
35 patents

Josh Zhu, M.D., Ph.D.
Director of Clinical Affairs & Manager of Clinical Pharmacology
Capital Institute of Medicine
Ph.D. in Molecular and Cellular Physiology
Member of six American medical societies

Reishi and Immunity: A Scientific Overview
Presented by Michael N. Chang, Ph.D. Chief Scientific Advisor, Nu Skin Enterprises, Inc.
This material is provided for scientific and educational purposes.

The Human Immune System is a complicated network of cells, antibodies and proteins that serves following three main functions:

1. Removes waste and harmful material, to ensure the normal function of the body.
2. Defends against pathogens – bacteria, fungi and virus.
3. Kills and removes dead and altered cells.
   The Human Immune System is delicately balanced by a very sophisticated feedback regulation and control system Prolonged immune deficiency can lead to infection, frequent sickness, lack of vigor and energy and impaired metabolism. On the other hand, chronic activation of immune system can also lead to certain autoimmune conditions such as arthritis, lupus, nephritis, allergy, etc.Immune Cells Recognize and Destroy: Pathogens and Altered Cells.Chemical message alerts immune system that an invader is present
   Immune cell “swallows” foreign invader.Cell Surface Antigen How does it work?
   Pathogens, such as bacteria, fungus, virus, have carbohydrates protruding outside of its surface.Altered cells also have carbohydrate antigens protruding.
   Reishi Mushroom
   Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) mushroom is a fungus occurring as a shelf-like form on the sides of trees and stumps in densely wooded mountains with high humidity and low light.The Reishi mushroom is a fungus that occurs as a shelf-like form on the sides of trees and stumps. In nature it grows in densely wooded mountains with high humidity and low light. It is rarely found since it flourishes mainly on the dried trunks of dead plum pasonia trees.The spores of Reishi also have such tough outer husks that make germination next to impossible. This accounts for its rarity.The spores of Reishi have such tough outer husks that germination is next to impossible, which accounts for its rarity Types of Reishi.There are 62 types of Reishi, of which six are most common:RED BLACK,BLUE WHITEY,ELLOW PURPLE RED Reishi is preferred because it can produce the highest quality extract and has been subject to the most scientific evaluation There are 62 types of Reishi, of which six are most common: red, blue, yellow, black, white and purple. Pharmanex has chosen to use red Reishi in ReishiMax because it can produce the highest quality extract and has been subject to the most scientific evaluation.
   Cultivation of Reishi
   In 1971, Yukio Naoi, a researcher of the Kyoto University in Japan, successfully developed the artificial cultivation of Reishi, which resulted in reproducible and consistent production of Reishi. A new cultivation method by Yukio Naoi from the University of Japan increased the availability of Reishi to everyone. This cultivation method resulted in the ability to cultivate Reishi in large quantities. The Reishi strain is transplanted to the cut of the original wood, so that the Reishi can absorb the nutrients of the wood The cultivation period takes between days. This method makes it very similar to the natural habitat of wild Reishi with out the use of pesticides and heavy metals. Reishi Spores These highly active substances are the essence of Reishi.They are the reproductive cells that are released at maturity
   However, Reishi spores are protected by an extremely hard shell which prevent us from optimally absorbing the actives Reishi spores contain the reproductive cells that are released at maturity. Unfortunately, the outer shells of the mushroom make it extremely hard to obtain these spores and prevent us from optimally absorbing the actives therein.
   Traditional Use
   Reishi, also known as Lingzhi, is one of the most valued herbal products in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Reishi’s earliest herbal remedies were recorded between 206 B.C. – 8 A.D. In Taiwan, families often give Reishi to their aging grandparents Reishi is also known as Lingzhi. It is one of the earliest herbal remedies that has been recorded between the years of 206 B.C.-8A.D, and it is one of the most valued and potent herbal products used in Traditional Chinese Medicine. In China, Reishi is a Traditional Chinese Medicine herb of choice as a general tonic for promoting longevity, vitality and endurance, and general health preservation.

Clinical Research Approach for Reishi
The polysaccharides of Reishi can regulate our immune system.
It is generally recognized that certain polysaccharides cannot be absorbed by the human body.Cell support, Immune dysfunction-related diseases, Liver protection,Nervous system dysfunction,
Cardiovascular protection and blood sugar support.
Pre-Clinical Studies
Animal and in vitro studies have shown that Reishi extracts:
Enhances activity of lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells
Enhances activity of cytokines and macrophages
Decreases histamine release from mast cells Wang SY, et al. International Journal of Cancer 1997;70(6): Lu Z, Lin ZB International Symposium on Ganoderma Research, October 24-26, 1994, Beijing Medical University, Beijing , China, Program and Abstracts, p. 82.
Clinical Studies
In clinical studies, Reishi extracts have been shown to: Increase levels of T-cell counts, CD4/CD8 ratio, cytokine IL-2, complement C3 and immunoglobulin G.Lower levels of T-suppressor cell counts Improve vigor and appetite.Shorten recovery time Kupin, V. (1992). The 4th International Symposium on Ganoderma lucidum, Hyatt Regency hotel, June 10, 1992, Seoul, Korea, Program and Abstracts, pp Yang QY, Wang, M. M. (1996) Taipei International Ganoderma Research Conference, Taipei International Convention Center (TICC), August 15-15, 1996, Abstracts, Special Lecture.
Clinical Application for Reishi
Reishi stimulates the immune system’s ability to recognize pathogens and altered cells Reishi provides complementary therapy to promote health and longevity,stimulates the formation of antibodies stimulates the ability of proliferation of immune cells modulates the function of T cells and NK cells.
Presented by Josh Zhu, M.D., Ph.D. Director of Clinical and Pharmacology Affairs, Pharmanex, LLC
Supports healthy immune system functions*
Stimulates proliferation of defensive immune cells in your body, including T Cells, B Cells & NK cells* ReishiMax follows the 6S process with standardization. ReishiMax is standardized to the highest level of actives found in any Reishi extract.The actives ingredients found in Reishi are triterpenes and polysaccharides. These two actives make Reishi a potent herb. ReishiMax is standardized to 6% triterpenes and 13.5% polysaccharides. Not only does Reishimax contain these active ingredients, but our product contains a 1% extract of 100% cracked spores!

• These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
  RED Reishi or Ganoderma lucidumUse of the best Reishi cultivation method:solid tree trunk, organic cultivation for daysFree of pesticides, free of heavy metals, and no unwanted microbial contamination. Cracked Reishi SporesReishi spores % Cracked spores — 3000X magnification under an electronic microscope.Standardized to6% Reishi triterpenes13.5% Reishi polysaccharides.A recent comparative study demonstrated enhanced immune functions by ReishiMax:
  Increased serum antibodies*
  Stimulated proliferation of immune cells*
  Modulation of the T cell functions*
  Enhanced the NK cell functions*
  According to the results of animal and in vitro studies, ReishiMax has been demonstrated to
  -stimulate the formation of antibodies
  -stimulate the ability of proliferation of immune cells and
  -modulate the function of T cells.
  These studies show that ReishiMax has the ability to enhance and help maintain a healthy immune system.
• These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
  Humoral immune:
  Blocking and eliminating infectious agents via humoral molecules,
  such as Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Cell-mediated Immune:
  Blocking and eliminating infectious agents via immune cells, such as T cells and NK cells.

Polysaccharides that are responsible for immuno-modulating activities Conducted by Pharmanex SAB member Chi-Huey Wong at Academia Sinica in Taiwan Published: Wang YY, Wong CH, et al. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 2002;10: Three new active compounds (lanostanoids) identified in Reishi Conducted by Pharmanex Scientists J. Chang, M. Chang, and others. Published: Ma J, Ye Q, et al. Journal of Natural Products 2002;65(1):72-75.
According to the results of animal and in vitro studies, ReishiMax has been demonstrated to
-stimulate the formation of antibodies
-stimulate the ability of proliferation of immune cells and
-modulate the function of T cells.
These studies show that ReishiMax has the ability to enhance and help maintain a healthy immune system.
6S process
Best natural Red Reishi species,Organic cultivation,Cracked spores
Proprietary manufacturing technology,Highest level of actives on the market,Scientifically proven,Pharmanex ReishiMax has a strong competitive advantage over other Reishi products.
-Pharmanex ReishiMax contains the highest levels of actives on the market for a Reishi product
-the Reishi mushroom is organically grown. The natural log cultivation method grows reishi without the use of pesticides, heavy metals or unwanted debris
-Pharmanex ReishiMax uses the most scientifically studied strain of Reishi. Red Reishi
-Only ReishiMax incorporates the “cracked spore” technology
-As with all of our Pharmanex products, ReishiMax is produced under our strict 6S process to ensure quality ingredients, qualified manufacturers, and certified independent laboratory verification
-A health food license was granted for ReishiMax by the Taiwan DOH in April It is only one of 23 licenses that have been issued for health foods by the DOH!
Recommended Usage Take twice daily with meals:
1 capsule each time for health maintenance 2 capsules each time for immune modulation.Safe and well tolerated at the recommended dosage.ReishiMax is safe and well tolerated at the recommended dosage. ReishiMax is recommended twice daily with meals. For normal health maintenance, one capsule should be taken twice daily. For immune modulation, two casules of ReishiMax should be taken twice daily with food.
Taken together, ReishiMax and Tegreen 97 provide a comprehensive cellular health maintenance program*

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

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